Phronesis Definition and Examples

Phronesis Definition and Examples In classical rhetoric, phronesis is prudence or practical wisdom. Adjective: phronetic. In the ethical treatise On Virtues and Vices (sometimes attributed to Aristotle), phronesis is characterized as the wisdom to take counsel, to judge the goods and evils and all the things in life that are desirable and to be avoided, to use all the available goods finely, to behave rightly in society, to observe due occasions, to employ both speech and action with sagacity, to have expert knowledge of all things that are useful (translated by H. Rackam). Etymology:From the Greek, think, understand Practical Wisdom [The] concept of persuasion points . . . to the human capacity for practical judgment. By judgment I mean the mental activity of responding to particular situations in a way that draws upon our sensations, beliefs, and emotions without being dictated by them in any way reducible to a simple rule. This kind of judgment may involve integrating new information into existing patterns of thought, readjusting those patterns to make room for a new perspective, or both. There are several sorts of judgmentlogical, aesthetic, political, and perhaps othersbut the concept I have in mind is linked most closely to what Aristotle called practical wisdom, or phronesis, and what Aquinas discussed as prudence, and it is also linked to our idea of common sense.(Bryan Garsten, Saving Persuasion: A Defense of Rhetoric and Judgment. Harvard Univ. Press, 2006) Phronesis in Speakers and Audiences To the extent that rhetoric is conceived as an art, capable of practical refinement, phronēsis, or practical wisdom, is often considered to be one of the by-products or relational goods enhanced and cultivated through rhetorical conduct. For Aristotle, practical wisdom was one of the rhetorical constituents of ethos. But perhaps most important, this overriding intellectual virtue was also cultivated in audiences through the practice of deliberation. In fact, the methods of invention and argument, along with the vast array of commonplaces and topoi, may all be conceived as devices for the enhancement of phronēsis in speakers and audiences.(Thomas B. Farrell, Phronēsis. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication from Ancient Times to the Information Age, ed. by Theresa Enos. Routledge, 1996) Phronesis and Invented Ethos Reasoning persuades because we think it is a sign of character. No one infers that because someone is a doctor and knows health, that the doctor is therefore healthy. But we make that ​inference all the time with respect to rhetoric and phronēsis. We assume that if someone can give good advice, he or she must be a good person. Such inferences are grounded in the belief that phronēsis and goodness are more than knowledge. Reasoning is persuasive to us because it is evidence, fallible and defeasible as all such evidence must be, of phronēsis and character.It is evidence for the character created in the speech [that is, invented ethos].(Eugene Carver, Aristotles Rhetoric: An Art of Character. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1994) The Example of Pericles In the Rhetoric [of Aristotle], Pericles is an exemplary figure of rhetorical effectiveness both for his skillful choice of persuasive strategies and for the persuasive appeal of his own character. That is, Pericles exemplifies how closely successful rhetoric is tied to phronēsis: the best rhetors possess a practical wisdom that can discern the most effective means of persuasion in any specific situation, including an appeal to their own reputations as persons of practical wisdom. Aristotle builds the phronetic power of discernment into his influential definition of rhetoric as the ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion . . ..(Steven Mailloux, Rhetorical Hermeneutics Still Again: or, On the Track of Phronēsis. A Companion to Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism, ed. by Walter Jost and Wendy Olmsted. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004)

Biography of Lucrezia Borgia, Italian Noblewoman

Biography of Lucrezia Borgia, Italian Noblewoman Lucrezia Borgia (April 18, 1480–June 24, 1519) was the  illegitimate daughter of Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) by one of his mistresses. She had three political marriages, arranged for her familys advantage, and likely had several adulterous alliances. Borgia was also for a time a papal secretary, and her later years were spent in relative stability as the Good Duchess of Ferrara, sometimes acting as de facto ruler in her husbands absence. Fast Facts: Lucrezia Borgia Known For: Borgia was the daughter of Pope Alexander VI and an important Italian noblewoman.Born: April 18, 1480 in Rome, ItalyParents: Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia (Pope Alexander VI) and Vannozza dei CattaneiDied: June 24, 1519 in Ferrara, ItalySpouse(s): Giovanni Sforza (m.  1493–1497), Alfonso of Aragon (m.  1498–1500), Alfonso dEste  (m.  1502–1519)Children: Seven Early Life Lucrezia Borgia was born in Rome in 1480. Her father Rodrigo was a cardinal in the Catholic Church when she was born. Lucrezias mother was his mistress of some years, Vannozza Cattanei, who was also the mother of two older children by Rodrigo, Giovanni and Cesare. After Rodrigo became Pope as Alexander VI, he advanced the career within the church of many Borja and Borgia relatives. Not much is known about Borgias childhood, but by about 1489, she was living with her fathers third cousin Adriana de Mila and her fathers new mistress Giulia Farnese, who was married to Adrianas stepson. Adriana, a widow, had care of Lucrezia, who was educated at the nearby Convent of St. Sixtus. When Cardinal Rodrigo was elected Pope in 1492, he began to use that office to his familys advantage. Cesare, one of Lucrezias brothers, was made an archbishop, and in 1493 he became a cardinal. Giovanni was made a duke and was to head up papal armies. First Marriage The Sforza family of Milan was one of the most powerful families in Italy and had supported the election of Pope Alexander VI. They also were allied with the French king against Naples. A member of the Sforza family, Giovanni Sforza, was lord of a small Adriatic fishing town called Pesano. It was with him that Alexander arranged a marriage for Lucrezia, to reward the Sforza family for their support and to bind their families together. Lucrezia was 13 years old when she married Giovanni Sforza on June 12, 1493. The marriage was not a happy one. Within four years, Lucrezia was complaining of his behavior. Giovanni also accused Lucrezia of misconduct. The Sforza family was no longer in favor with the pope; Ludovico had provoked an attack by the French that almost cost Alexander his papacy. Lucrezias father and her brother Cesare began to have other plans for Lucrezia: Alexander wanted to switch alliances from France to Naples. Early in 1497, Lucrezia and Giovanni separated. The Borgias began the process of annulling the marriage, charging Giovanni with impotence and nonconsummation of the marriage. Eventually, Giovanni agreed to the annulment in exchange for keeping the substantial dowry Lucrezia had brought to the marriage. Second Marriage Lucrezia, age 21, married Alfonso dAragon by proxy on June 28, 1498, and in person on July 21. A feast much like that at her first marriage celebrated this second wedding. The second marriage soured more quickly than the first. Only a year later, other alliances were tempting the Borgias. Alfonso left Rome, but Lucrezia talked him into returning. She was appointed governor of Spoleto. On November 1, 1499, she gave birth to Alfonsos son, naming him Rodrigo after her father. On July 15 of the next year, Alfonso survived an assassination attempt. He had been at the Vatican and was on his way home when hired killers stabbed him repeatedly. He managed to make it home, where Lucrezia cared for him and hired armed guards to protect him. About a month later on August 18, Cesare Borgia visited Alfonso, who was recuperating, promising to complete that which had not been finished earlier. Cesare returned later with another man, cleared the room, and, as the other man later recounted the story, had his associate strangle or smother Alfonso to death. Lucrezia was devastated by the death of her husband. After returning to Rome, Lucrezia began to work in the Vatican at her fathers side. She handled the popes mail and even answered it when he was not in town. Third Marriage A still-young daughter of the pope remained a prime candidate for an arranged marriage to solidify Borgia power. The eldest son, and presumed heir, of the Duke of Ferrara was a recent widower. The Borgias saw this as an opportunity for an alliance with a region that was physically between their current power base and another they wanted to add to the familys lands. Ercole dEste, the Duke of Ferrara, was understandably hesitant to marry his son, Alfonso dEste, to a woman whose first two marriages had ended in scandal and death, or to marry their more established family to the newly powerful Borgias. Ercole dEste was allied with the king of France, who wanted the alliance with the Pope. The Pope threatened Ercole with the loss of his lands and title if he did not consent. Ercole drove a hard bargain before consenting to the marriage in exchange for a very large dowry, a position in the church for his son, some additional lands, and reduced payments to the church. Ercole even considered marrying Lucrezia himself if his son Alfonso did not agree to the marriage- but Alfonso did. Lucrezia Borgia and Alfonso dEste were married by proxy at the Vatican on December 30, 1501. In January, she traveled with 1,000 in attendance to Ferrara, and on February 2, the two were married in person in another luxurious ceremony. Death of the Pope The summer of 1503 was oppressively hot and mosquitos were rampant. Lucrezias father died unexpectedly of malaria on August 18, 1503, ending the Borgia plans for solidifying power. Cesare was also infected but survived, but he was too ill at his fathers death to move quickly to secure treasure for his family. Cesare was supported by Pius III, the next pope, but that pope died after 26 days in office. Giuliano Della Rovere, who had been a rival of Alexander and long an enemy of the Borgias, tricked Cesare into supporting his election as pope, but as Julius II, he reneged on his promises to Cesare. The Vatican apartments of the Borgia family were sealed by Julius, who was revolted by the scandalous behavior of his predecessor. Children The main responsibility of a Renaissance rulers wife was to bear children, who would in turn either rule or be married into other families to cement alliances. Lucrezia was pregnant at least 11 times during her marriage to Alfonso. There were several miscarriages and at least one stillborn child, and two others died in infancy. Five other children survived infancy, and two- Ercole and Ippolito- lived to adulthood. Patronage and Business In Ferrara, Lucrezia associated with artists and writers, including the poet Ariosto, and helped bring many to the court, distant as it was from the Vatican. Poet Pietro Bembo was one of those she patronized and, judging from the letters surviving to him, its possible the two had an affair. Recent studies have shown that during her years in Ferrara, Lucrezia was also a shrewd businesswoman, building up her own fortune quite successfully. She used some of her wealth to build hospitals and convents, winning the respect of her subjects. She invested in marshy land, then drained it and recovered it for agricultural use. Later Years Lucrezia received word in 1512 that her son Rodrigo dAragon had died. She withdrew from most social life, though she continued her business enterprises. She eventually turned to religion, spending more time at convents, and even began wearing a hairshirt (an act of penance) under her fancy gowns. Visitors to Ferrara commented on her melancholy and noted that she seemed to be aging rapidly. She had four more pregnancies and perhaps two miscarriages between 1514 and 1519. In 1518, she wrote a letter to her son Alfonso in France. Death On June 14, 1519, Lucrezia gave birth to a stillborn daughter. Lucrezia contracted a fever and died 10 days later. She was mourned by her husband, family, and subjects. Legacy Because of her scandalous reputation, Lucrezia Borgia has become a popular character in fiction, opera and drama. Her life has been dramatized in works such as Victor Hugos Lucrà ¨ce Borgia, the 1935 Abel Gance film Lucrezia Borgia, and the BBC series The Borgias. Sources Bradford, Sarah.  Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy. Penguin Books, 2005.Meyer, G. J.  The Borgias: The Hidden History. Bantam Books, 2014.

Patients with terminal and preterminal cancer- Evidence Based Practice Assignment

Patients with terminal and preterminal cancer- Evidence Based Practice - Assignment Example Round the clock administration of oral morphine for acute and chronic pain in patients with terminal and preterminal cancer is a widely accepted procedure. However, the need to administer the drug frequently and the increased risk of analgesic efficacy poses a problem in the management of pain in cancer patients. Several studies have reported other means of administration of opioid without altering the analgesic efficacy and without cumbersome dosing schedules. A couple of such important strategies are controlled-release morphine tablets and fentanyl-transdermal therapeutic system. To ascertain as to which is a better strategy for pain relief in cancer patients review of literature is essential. Making clinical decisions based on appropriate evidence is known as evidence-based practice. According to McKibbon (1998), "Evidence-based practice (EBP) is an approach to health care wherein health professionals use the best evidence possible, i.e. the most appropriate information available, to make clinical decisions for individual patients. EBP values, enhances and builds on clinical expertise, knowledge of disease mechanisms, and pathophysiology. It involves complex and conscientious decision-making based not only on the available evidence but also on patient characteristics, situations, and preferences." Literature review is the most critical exercise for EBP. Literature search for EBP can be done effectively by creating appropriate question in PICO format. In this assignment, literature review for an evidence-based answer of a clinical question will be discussed after deciphering the question in PICO format. The literature search will be performed in a systematic manner through electronic databases. Clinical Question "In patients with terminal and preterminal cancer, which is the most appropriate strategy for pain relief? Oral sustained release morphine or transdermal fentanyl?" PICO Population: Patients with cancer in preterminal or terminal stages with acute or chronic pain Intervention: Orals sustained release morphine Comparison: Intradermal fentanyl Outcome: Relief from pain Search Process The commencement of search in electronic databases was based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria and knowledge of the hierarchies of evidence. Hierarchy provides a confidence measure to the end-user (Evans, 2003). According to Evans (2003), random control trials can be considered of good standard and they are in fact labeled as the gold standard of research for providing optimal research designs to answer pertinent questions. However, systemic reviews and meta-analysis have topped the hierarchy list. The databases used for search were PUBMED, Google Scholar and CINAHL. The MESH terms used in PUBMED were cancer pain (AND), morphine (AND), fentanyl (AND), & pain (AND). The limits used were adults and

Food and Politics in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Food and Politics in Britain - Essay Example The year 1917 marked the worst times for Britain because of scarcity of food brought by bad winter and attack of the food supplies by Germans U-boats. The British government started food rationing to mitigate the food crisis, meat, tea, butter, margarine, sugar were some of the food stuffs rationed by the government. Previously, before food rationing, people had to queue on long queues, which led to frustrations and rioting by the persons especially workers in munitions factories. However, food rationing only took a short time because local communities started taking control of the food supply. Government took control of prices of food supplied by the local community and this led to drops in price. Queues started disappearing and the population had enough food supply (Mason 2004). Mason (2004) explains that because of scarcity of food in Britain during the First World War, they had to depend mostly on the outside world. The author points out that the government depended mostly on the imports and their food is industrialised. The British government import raw and finished food products from other countries. Because of the wars in the early times of the 20th century most of the people in Britain did not care much of the food culture. Only a few of them knew about food culture, however, the currently food culture is viable and in most households food culture is practiced. A small percentage of the British population was fond of meat and potatoes. These combinations were served as meat and two veg. Meat and two veg according to British culture is meat, potatoes and other vegetables served all together. However, industrialization phased out food culture in the late 20th century. Foods such as roasted beef, fruit cake and minced pies were embraced as traditional fo od. British foods served were made in regard to food fashion, health standards and eating habits. Unlike French and Italian food,

7 main approaches in psychology Essay Example for Free

7 main approaches in psychology Essay *Many psychologists may believe that each perspective has valid explanations depending on the specific situation, and this point of view is called eclectic. This term refers to the claim that no one perspective has all the answers to the variety of human thought and behavior. Psychologists tend to use various perspectives in their work depending on which point of view fits best with the explanation. Humanistic (1950s-Present) Carl Rogers-Person-centered therapy and unconditional positive regard Abraham Maslow-Hierarchy of Needs and Self-Actualization Unique aspects of human experience Belief that we choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional or spiritual needs. Humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth, and they are fundamentally different from animals. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic (1900-Present) Sigmund Freud-Personality and States of Consciousness Carl Jung-the most important and lifelong task imposed upon any person is fulfillment through the process of individuation, achievement of harmony of conscious and unconscious, which makes a person one and whole Alfred Adler-IndividualPPsychology, a term which is sometimes misunderstood. It refers to the indivisibility of the personality in its psychological structure. Unconscious determinants of behavior Belief that the unconscious minda part of our mind that we do not have conscious control over or access tocontrols much of our thought and action. Unconscious motives and experiences in early childhood govern personality and mental disorders.  Roger Sperry-showed that if the two hemispheres of the brain are separated by severing the corpus callosum (the large band of fibers that connects them), the transfer of information between the hemispheres ceases, and the coexistence in the same individual of two functionally different brains can be demonstrated. George Miller-The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information Physiological bases of behavior in humans and animals An organism’s functioning can be explained in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that underlie behavior. How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences Evolutionary/Darwinian (Also called sociobiologists) (1980s-Present) David Buss-His primary interests include the evolutionary psychology of human mating strategies; conflict between the sexes; prestige, status, and social reputation; the emotion of jealousy; homicide; anti-homicide defenses; and stalking. Charles Darwin-the Origin of Species in 1850. Evolutionary bases of behavior in humans and animals. Examines human thought and behavior in terms of natural selection. Behavior patterns have evolved to solve adaptive problems; natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success. B.F. Skinner-Operant Conditioning and invented the Skinner Box Effects of environment on the overt behavior of human and animals. Explain human thought and behavior in terms of conditioning and look strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction organisms get in response to specific behaviors. Belief that only observable events (stimulus response relationships) can be studied scientifically.  Noam Chomsky-Theorized the critical-period for language acquisition Herbert Simon-one of the founding fathers of modern research in artificial intelligence Ulric Neisser-focused on pattern recognition, visual search, brief information processing, and memory. Thoughts; mental process Examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events. The rules that we use to view the world are important to understanding why we think and behave the way we do. Overall, human behavior cannot be fully understood without examining how people acquire, store, and process information.

Pharmacologic Advances Essay -- bioservices, anti-body

Aligning to IBT BioServices’s business model and core competency, the top four critical needs and requirements have been identified from Model 1 assessment. These criteria are compared and contrasted to the company’s model and key strengths to develop a strategic roadmap for further expansion of the market position and share. The key learning from this assessment includes (Figure 4): 1. Need of surrogate assays model that are reliable (in-vitro and in-vivo assays) and predictive of protective immunity against RSV and DEN. This is a demonstrated key strength area for IBT BioServices with their cotton rat model. The company successfully tested RSV vaccine and therapeutic candidates that led to IND and clinical development (IBT BioServices). Their in-vitro assay platform, particularly CPE assay, provides high correlation of inhibitory and efficacy measurements of vaccine candidates to human subject. This is essential preliminary data needed to design pre-clinical and clinical trials direction. 2. Develop new assays platform that is compatible for next generation technology and approach e.g. structural-based design to develop RSV vaccines (vaccine research center- NIAID-NIH). This approach utilized atomic-level details of RSV protein to detect binding mechanisms of fusion glycoprotein needed to neutralize human RSV antibody (Oplinger, 2013). The assays must be able to measure and follow the activity of the protein-antibody complex to develop higher efficacy vaccine. 3. Compliance and data integrity. Early phase R&D programs do not require GLP certification; however, there are benefits in establishing such programs. In this industry the concept of speed to market is essential and critical for market share and profit generation. The th... ...o 2016, Stockpile Analysis, Competitive Benchmarking and Pipeline Analysis. Retrieved from: http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/1195531/the_future_of_global_vaccines_market_forecasts (n.d.). Services for respiratory syncytial virus research. Retrieved from IBT BioServices website: www.ibtbioservices.com (n.d.). Services for dengue virus research. Retrieved from IBT BioServices website: www.ibtbioservices.com Thomas, S. (2011). The Necessity and Quandaries of Dengue Vaccine Development. J Infect Dis., 203 (3), 299 303. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiq060 WHO. (2014). Dengue. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/dengue/en/ Wilson, P. (2010). Giving developing countries the best shot: An overview of vaccine access and R&D. Retrieved from: http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/giving-developing-countries-best-shot-vaccines-2010-05.pdf

Coperate Gorvernance Essay

Executive summary: Cadbury Report (1992) stated that â€Å"corporate governance is the process by which companies and directed and controlled† (cited in Tricker, 2009). In other words, it helps the corporate entities increase the value provided to the organisation’s various stakeholders. Therefore, appropriate corporate governance plays a very important role in development of organisations. This  review will define corporate governance and some of its concepts (through the paper). Following, the review will give a Memorandum or a general introduction about Nufarm, which is a publicly listed company and then consider the structure, process and effectiveness of its governance. Besides, the paper will mention about areas such as the composition and responsibilities of the Nufarm Board of Directors, and disclose policies, codes of conduct adopted by the company, which are relevant to the company’s governance scopes. Finally, from information and analyses, there are some recommendations for the Nufarm to achieve appropriate improvements. For example, the company’s governance should recognise and adhere to all relevant laws and regulations and meets high standards with respect to honesty and integrity. In addition, the company should have open and effective communications with its shareholders and the general investment community. Furthermore, the company should have effective methods to review drivers of governance, etc. Table of contents Contents I.Introduction3 II.What is corporate governance?3 III.General introduction about Nufarm, information of the company (Memorandum)3 IV.The Structure, process and effectiveness of the Nufarm’s governance4 The Scope of the company’s Corporate Governance influences the company’s codes:7 V.Recommendations8 VI.References10 I. Introduction Recently, the appearance of high-profile corporate failures, scandals and executive corruption arises the requirement for organisations to follow appropriate corporate governance structures, processes standards and practices. The aim of this paper is to investigate the structure, process and  effectiveness of the governance of Nufarm, a publicly listed company and give recommendations for it to achieve appropriate improvements. II. What is corporate governance? Cadbury report (1992) and OECD (1999) defined that ‘corporate governance is the process by which company are directed and controlled’.  Monks & Minow (2001) suggested that ‘corporate governance is the relationship among various participants in determining the direction and performance of corporations. The primary participants are the shareholders, the management and the board of directors’. OECD (2001) supposed that ‘corporate governance refers to the private and public institutions, including laws, regulations and accepted business practices, which together govern the relationship, in a market economy, between corporate managers and entrepreneurs, on the one hand, and those who invest resources in corporations, on the other III. General introduction about Nufarm, information of the company (Memorandum) Nufarm Limited is a publicly listed company, one of the world’s leading crop protection companies (Nufarm’s website, 2012). The company manufactures products to help farmers protect their crops against damage caused by weeds, pests and disease. Its manufacturing and marketing spread throughout Australia, New Zealand, Asia, The Americas and Europe and sells products in more than 100 countries around the world. According to the Nufarm’s website (2012), the company employs more than 2,600 people around the places having its manufacturing and marketing operations, all of whom make a vital contribution to the company’s reputation for quality products, innovation and first class marketing and technical support. Proudly based in Australia, Nufarm is listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (with symbol NUF). Its head office is located at Laverton in Melbourne, Australia. Table1: the information contained in the company details table (ASX website, 2012) IV. The Structure, process and effectiveness of the Nufarm’s governance The company’s board structure contains Chairman (Donald Gordon McGauchie), Managing Director/CEO (Doug Rathbone), and five Non Executive Directors who are Anne Bernadette Brennan, Gordon Richard Davis, Bruce Goodfellow, Gary Hounsell, Peter Margin (Nufarm’s website, 2012). According to the company’s website (2012), the Board is the governing body of the Company. The Board is responsible for the oversight of the Company. It is responsible to ensure that the business of the Company is carried out in the best interests of all shareholders and with proper regard to the interests of all other stakeholders. Specifically, the Board has responsibility to protect and enhance the value of the assets of the Company, set strategies and directions and monitor and review those strategic objectives, review and ratify internal controls, codes of conduct and legal compliance, review the Company’s accounts, approve and review the one year operating budget and five year strategic plan for the Company, appoint the Managing Director, evaluate performance and determine the remuneration of the Managing Director and senior executives, ensure the significant risks facing the Company have been identified and adequate control monitoring and reporting mechanisms are in place, approve transactions relating to acquisitions, divestments and capital expenditure above authority limits delegated to management, approve financial and dividend policy, appoint the Company Secretary, ratify the appointment of the Chief Financial Officer (Nufarm’s website, 2012). The managing Director is delegated to be responsible for the day-to-day leadership and management of the Company. To assist the Board to discharge its responsibilities and duties, the Board has delegated to the Managing Director specific authorities which are subject to appropriate reporting and monitoring procedures. For example: * Shareholder values / corporate strategy: the Managing Director formulates and brings to the Board for review and approval, an appropriate long term strategy for the Nufarm Group  and appropriate financial standards and policies. The strategy is reviewed by the Board at its annual strategic planning review and any changes in financial standards are reviewed by the Audit Committee. * Organisation Planning: the Managing Director formulates an appropriate human resources policy which is reviewed by the Board annually. * Capital Allocation: The Managing Director approves capital expenditure within limits set by the Board. All approvals made by the Managing Director are reported and reviewed at every Board Meeting. * Company Financial Performance: the Managing Director reports to the Board at each Board Meeting on the financial results of the Company. * Compliance: The Managing Director is responsible for ensuring compliance with all relevant legislation. In brief, the Board has delegated to the Managing Director all powers required to manage the business of the Company and the Managing Director reports on a monthly basis on all material matters affecting the Nufarm Group to the Board. Besides, The Board has three committees: the Audit Committee, the Nomination Committee and the Remuneration Committee. These Board Committees review and analyse policies and strategies within their specific terms of reference. The Board Committees examine proposals and, where appropriate, make recommendations to the Board. The Board Committees do not take direct action or make decisions on behalf of the Board unless specifically mandated by prior Board authority (Nufarm’s website). The Nomination Committee consists of three non-executive Directors and is comprised of a majority of independent Directors. The Committee’s purpose is to develop criteria for Board membership and identify specific individuals for nomination; and establish processes for the review of the performance of individual Directors and the Board as a whole. The duties of this committee is facilitating a Board performance assessment, develop criteria for Board membership, identify suitably skilled, qualified and experienced individuals for nomination and to establish processes for the review of the performance of Directors. According to Tricker (2012, p.283), ‘the essential and original role of the audit committee is to act as a bridge between the independent external auditors and the board, avoiding the possibility of powerful executive directors’ and over the years the role and responsibilities of the committee have expanded. Nufarm company’s Audit Committee’s primary function is to assist the Board in fulfilling its corporate governance responsibilities in regard to financial reporting, audit and risk management, including: oversight of the preparation of Nufarm Limited’s (the Group) financial reporting; compliance with legal and regulatory obligations; oversight of the effectiveness of the Group’s enterprise-wide risk management and internal control framework; and oversight of the relationship with the external and internal auditors. The specific duties and responsibilities of the company’s audit committee in meeting will be: report Committee actions to the Board with such recommendations as the Committee may deem appropriate (e.g. The Committee will report to the Board immediately if it becomes aware of any material misstatement in financial information provided by management to the Board or of any material breakdown in internal controls), continuously monitor a framework and processes for compliance with laws, regulations, standards, best practice guidelines and the Group’s code of conduct, maintain suitable interaction with the Health Safety & Environment Committee and the Nomination & Governance Committee, perform such other functions assigned by law, the Company’s Constitution, or the Board. The Remuneration Committee’s purpose is to recommend to the Board policies and practices which enable Nufarm to attract, develop, retain and motivate high caliber Directors and executives. The Committee will review and make recommendations on policies for remuneration, development, retention and termination of Directors and Key Management Personnel (KMP). The Committee’s duties are to review and make recommendations to the Board in relation to Nufarm’s Board and executive remuneration strategy, structure and practice with regard to: Nufarm strategic objectives; corporate governance principles; and competitive practice. The specific matters the Committee may consider include the review of: executive management and Directors’  remuneration, including the link between Company and individual performance; current industry best practice; the outcome of the annual vote on the adoption of the Remuneration Report; different methods for remunerating senior management and Directors including superannuation arrangements; 2/4 existing or proposed incentive schemes; retirement and termination benefits and payments for senior management; professional indemnity and liability insurance policies. The Committee is responsible for seeking and approving remuneration advisers that will provide independent remuneration advice, as appropriate, on Board, CEO and other KMP remuneration strategy, structure practice and disclosure. However, according to the company website (2012), the Committee does not have executive powers to commit the Board or management to its recommendations except where authorised by a resolution of the Board nor become involved in day to day management activities or decision making. The Scope of the company’s Corporate Governance influences the company’s codes: According to Tricker (2012), the structure, the membership and the process of the governing body are central to corporate governance. However, the relations with shareholders, contractual stakeholders, legal institutions, etc also influence the structure and operation of Nufarm’s corporate governance. Therefore, the company’s corporate governance refers to the private and public institutions, including laws, regulations and public institutions, which together govern the relationship between corporate managers and entrepreneurs, on the one hand, and those who invest resources in corporations on the other (Tricker, 2012). For example, the company’s code of conduct is governed by and contrasted in accordance with the laws in the State of Victoria, Australia. Besides, Nufarm has ensured to be compliance with the ASX Listing Rules, and ensured that Key Management Personnel and their associates are aware of the legal restrictions in dealing in Nufarm’s shares, options or other securities while such a person is in possession of unpublished price sensitive information concerning Nufarm. V. Recommendations There are some recommendations in order for Nufarm to make appropriate  improvements for its corporate governance are: Firstly, Nufarm should conduct its business in a manner which recognises and adheres to all relevant laws and regulations and meets high standards with respect to honesty and integrity. In order to meet this commitment, we require all Nufarm directors, employees, contractors and consultants to be familiar with and uphold the company’s code of conduct in all business dealings. Besides, according to Tricker (2012), the Board, which determines whether the company’s governance is good, is the major driving force in a company. However, there are other drivers of good governance in the company such as shareholders. Therefore, the company should have open and effective communications with its shareholders and the general investment community. For example, with shareholders, the company should adopt a shareholder communications policy in order to: * Ensure that shareholders and the financial markets are provided with full and timely information about its activities; * Comply with continuous disclosure obligations contained in applicable Listing Rules and the Corporations Act in Australia as well as industry guidelines such as the Australasian Investor Relations Associations’, Best Practice Guidelines for Communication between Listed Entities and the Investment Community; and Ensure equality of access to briefings, presentations and meetings for shareholders, analysts and media. * Encourage attendance and voting at shareholder meetings; The company’s Remuneration Committee should review induction and development arrangements for the Board to ensure Board members gain and maintain a suitable level of knowledge about Nufarm. Audit Committee should usually review and make recommendations to the Board on the Nufarm Diversity Policy ensuring the Policy is in line with applicable legislation and governance principles. Self-assess whether the Committees comply with its membership requirements at least once every year. Critically review the Remuneration Committee Charter at least once per year to ensure its relevance and compliance with overall governance legislative requirements and best practice. VI. References Monks, B., Nell, M. 2007, Corporate Governance, 4th edn, Chichester, UK:Wiley. Tricker, B. 2009, Corporate Governance: Principles, Policies, and Practices, Oxford University Press. Nufarm website 2012, , viewed 15 July, 2012. ASX website 2012, Nufarm Limited (NUF), , viewed 15 July, 2012.

Critical Success Factors of Six Sigma Implementation in Indian Automobile Components Manufacturing Industries

Chapter 5 RESULTS & A ; DISCUSSIONS 5.1 Consequences and treatments This chapter shows the consequences of methodological analysis used to happen the CSFs, weightages of CSFs and barriers of Six Sigma execution in Indian car constituents fabricating industries. 5.1.1 Critical Success Factors of Six Sigma Table 5.1 Gap analysis of CSFs of Six SigmaCritical Success factorsImportancePracticeAManagement engagement4.42.8BacillusOrganizational substructure3.92.5CCultural alteration4.12.1CalciferolEducation and preparation4.12.5TocopherolVision and program statement4.12.5FAssociating Six Sigma to client4.22.4GramAssociating Six Sigma to concern scheme4.02.6HydrogenAssociating Six Sigma to employees3.82.9IAssociating Six Sigma to providers4.02.5JouleCommunication4.12.7KUnderstanding of Six Sigma4.02.9LiterProject direction accomplishments3.82.9MeterUndertaking prioritization and choice4.03.0This undertaking work presents the consequences of the study conducted to place CSFs of Six Sigma within a medium graduated table car constituents fabricating unit and the consequences are used to compare with the findings of other research workers. The study consequence is represent the spread analysis revealed that there is the important spread between the sentiment of the employees of the company and t he existent pattern of CSFs within the company. It is shown in table 5.1 and at that place graphical representation is shown in figure 5.1 Figure 5.1 CSFs of Six Sigma executionConsequences oforganisational public presentationTable 5.2 Organizational public presentation standards to mensurate the success of Six SigmaOrganizational public presentationMeanStd. DeviationProductiveness2.20.8Defects Reduction2.10.8Warranty claim cost as a % of entire gross revenues3.10.9Cost of quality as a % of entire gross revenues2.90.8Delivery on clip to client3.50.8Net income betterment1.50.8Gross saless betterment1.70.7The consequences and benefits of Six Sigma execution within the administration were assessed in footings of organizational public presentation and attitudinal/perception alterations in the employees and clients. The organisational public presentation component of Six Sigma focuses on quality public presentation, operational and concern public presentation indexs, the inside informations of which are provided in table 5.2 and figure 5.2. attitudinal/perception alterations shown in table 5.3 and figure 5.3 that all the sof t factors have got low evaluation from the respondents. The average values of factors are below 3, with occupation engagement and organizational committedness holding the lowest evaluation of 2.6. The highest evaluation of 3 for the acquisition factor shows that administration public presentation in footings of supplying preparation and coaching. Figure 5.2 Graphical representation of organisational public presentation Table 5.3 Attitude/Perception alteration after Six Sigma deploymentAttitudinal ChangeMeanStd. DeviationEmployee satisfaction2.90.7Customer satisfaction2.80.5Organizational committedness2.60.7Job engagement2.60.6Learning3.00.7Work environment2.70.6 Figure5.3 Attitude/Perception alteration after Six Sigma deployment 5.1.3 Impeding factors in the execution of Six Sigma The respondents were asked to place three largest issues that they have faced during Six Sigma execution. Several obstructions to the acceptance of Six Sigma programme were highlighted as shown in figure 5.4 Figure 5.4: Factors suppressing the execution of Six Sigma 5.1.4 Consequences of AHP analysis The AHP Analysis is performed to place the critical successful factor for Six Sigma execution in car constituents fabricating industries. For AHP attack 6 factors are selected, they are Education and Training, Associating Six Sigma to concern scheme, Cultural Change, Associating Six Sigma to client, Vision and program statement, Management Commitment and engagement. It is found that the Management engagement and committedness ( F ) has got highest weightage i.e. 0.2586 and it is in first precedence. The standards, Associating Six Sigma with client has 2nd precedence and Associating Six Sigma to concern scheme has last precedence as it got lowest weightage i.e. 0.1255. Table 5.4 Average precedence and weightages for Six Sigma execution in car industrySuccess FactorsWeightsPrecedenceAEducation and preparation0.143165BacillusAssociating Six Sigma to concern scheme0.1255356CCultural Change0.151264CalciferolAssociating Six Sigma to client0.16892TocopherolVision and program statement0.1524853FManagement engagement and committedness0.2586615.1.5 Barriers for Six Sigma execution Table 5.5 shows the barriers to the effectual execution of Six Sigma. The consequences of the analysis show that the six reacting companies felt merely fiscal restraint to be important at 0.1 degree of significance. This indicates the fact that it is easy to implement Six Sigma plan in the Indian car constituents sector, as merely one barrier is found to be important out of the eight. Table 5.5Barriers for Six Sigma executionBarriersMeanS.D.t-valueFiscal Constraint3.330.521.58Time Constraint, Difficulty in Understanding Complicated3.001.100.00Statistical Tools3.001.100.00Lack of Management Exposure2.001.10–2.24Work Force/Union Resistance1.830.75–3.80Improper Training1.830.75–3.80Expensive Consultation Charges2.000.63–3.87Trouble in Understanding Six Sigma Methodology1.830.41–7.005.1.6 Analysis of benefits with Six Sigma execution Table 5.6: Benefits of Six SigmaexecutionBenefitsMeanS.D.t-valueDecrease in COPQ4.170.417.00Increase in profitableness4.330.526.32Improved merchandise quality3.830.415.00Improved company image3.830.415.00Decrease in procedure variableness4.000.633.87Addition in productiveness4.000.633.87Decrease in client ailments4.000.892.74Decrease of rhythm clip3.831.171.75Improved work civilization3.170.750.54Improved employee morale/ motive3.000.630.00Improved gross revenues2.330.523.16Decrease in review2.330.523.16Table 5.6 shows the assorted benefits of the Six Sigma plan The consequences of the analysis show that, in line with the Six Sigma doctrine of bottom line consequences, these Six Sigma companies have besides derived important fiscal benefits through reduced Cost of Poor Quality ( COPQ ) . Increase in profitableness, a 2nd important benefit, is a natural result of the decrease in COPQ. 5.1.7 Statistical analysis of CSFs for Six Sigma execution Table 5.7: Critical success factors for Six SigmaCSFsMeanS.D.t-valueTraining4.670.527.91Associating Six Sigma to clients4.670.527.91Undertaking Prioritization and Selection4.670.527.91Project Management Skills4.330.526.32Cultural alteration3.830.415.00Management Involvement and Participation ( Leadership )4.000.633.87Understanding of Six Sigma Methodology4.000.633.87Associating Six Sigma to Business Strategy3.670.523.16Organizational Infrastructure3.330.521.58Associating Six Sigma to Employees3.170.411.00Associating Six Sigma to Suppliers2.670.821.00As shown in Table 5.7 preparation, associating Six Sigma to clients, undertaking prioritization and choice topped the list of CSFs, followed by undertaking direction accomplishments. Cultural alteration came following. Management engagement and engagement, and understanding Six Sigma methodological analysis stood at the 4th degree. Associating Six Sigma to concern scheme and organisational substructure are besides rated as important. Asso ciating Six Sigma to employees and providers were rated as non important. This shows that companies have non linked their Six Sigma plan to their employees and providers. 5.1.8Comparison ofcritical successful factors analyzedwith literature Table 5.8 Comparison of CSFsanalyzedwith literatureFactorPresent survey IndiaPrevious Study ( Antonyet Al. , 2010 in UK )RankRankTrainingISixAssociating Six Sigma to CustomersITwoUndertaking Prioritization and SelectionISevenProject Management SkillsFourEightCultural ChangeVoltEightManagement Involvement and ParticipationSixIUnderstanding of Six Sigma MethodologySixVoltAssociating Six Sigma to Business StrategyEightThreeOrganizational InfrastructureNineFourAssociating Six Sigma to EmployeesTenElevenAssociating Six Sigma to SuppliersElevenTenThese findings were rather contrary to the findings from the old surveies carried out by Antonyet Al. [ 51 ] in little and moderate-sized UK fabrication endeavors Results of that peculiar survey show that direction engagement and engagement, associating Six Sigma to clients and associating Six Sigma to the concern scheme of the organisation are the most of import factors for the successful execution of Six Sigma, followed by organisational substructure, apprehension of Six Sigma methodological analysis, developing on Six Sigma, and undertaking prioritization and choice. Table 5.8 gives the comparing of the present and old survey. This difference in the precedence attached to CSFs can be to due to the fact that India is a developing economic system and the industrial civilization and environment environing India are different from that of UK. 5.1.9 Model for Six Sigma execution Six SigmaEngagement of EmployeesOrganizational InfrastructureDevelopment of TeamworkFocus on CustomerFocus on Supplier RelationshipUnderstanding of Six Sigma MethodologyTop direction committedness and leadingAssociating Six Sigma to CustomersQuality Improvement Tools & A ; TechniquesTraining and EducationFigure 5.5 Model for Six Sigma execution The top direction demands to be proactive in implementing Six Sigma and concentrate on incorporating Six Sigma with TS 16949. Associating Six Sigma plan to employees will assist in acquiring better cooperation, improved work civilization and morale. Associating Six Sigma to providers will assist in bettering coaction, which shall ensue in the effectual execution of Six Sigma. Organizations can derive much by volunteering to implement Six Sigma instead than waiting for it to be imposed. Evaluation and comparing of CSFs of Six Sigma aid organisations in the sector to attach the needed importance to assorted CSFs. Barriers of Six Sigma execution in Indian car constituents fabricating industries ISM modeling is performed. The consequences of ISM modeling shows Lack of Management Exposure and Expensive Consultation Charges are at first degree. The consequences of the Statistical analysis show that the companies felt merely fiscal restraint to be important at 0.1 degree of significance. Th is indicates the fact that it is easy to implement Six Sigma plan in the Indian car constituents sector, as merely one barrier is found to be important out of the eight. Harmonizing to the analysis, pillars of Six Sigma are arrived and general model for Six Sigma execution is developed. It is shown in figure 5.5.

8 Striking Ideas to Get out of Professional Essay Samples

8 Striking Ideas to Get out of Professional Essay Samples 8 Striking Ideas to Get out of Professional Essay Samples Many students struggle with writing essays. Some have not received quality instruction in the process of essay writing, or they may be too overwhelmed with the demands of day-to-day life to be able to focus on creating quality essays. Professional essay samples can be an invaluable tool if you find yourself really stuck. As long as you choose a good writing service, a sample can be instrumental in moving you quickly from staring blankly at your computer screen to creation of a real masterpiece. Here are the ways how a professional essay sample can help you with the writing process. 1. Choosing a Topic Are you completely stuck on trying to come up with the right topic for your paper? This initial step can feel daunting and often prevents the most well-intentioned students from even starting. But a sample essay can point you to the right direction and make you think about some great possibilities. It can even help you with that other daunting initial task coming up with a thesis statement. 2. Writing a Strong Opening The first impression is quite powerful. That’s why any expert will tell you that the most important part of any piece of writing is the first paragraph. The opening is the place where you either capture the reader’s attention or completely lose it. How does the professional sample essay begin? Does it have a strong hook that gets the reader’s attention? Does it state the purpose of the essay clearly so that the reader feels that it has a clear direction? Use these tactics while constructing your own first paragraph. 3. Organization Well-written essays have a logical flow and they are organized in a clear manner, with several main ideas and relevant supporting details for each of these. Imagine how an outline would look like for this sample essay, and use it while creating your own outline. 4. Sources Research can often be the most challenging aspect of the writing process. It’s difficult to know where to find reliable sources that can be used to support your thesis statement. The sources cited in your sample essay can give you an idea of where to start. 5. Proper Citation It can be confusing to master various citation styles. Some instructors require APA, others MLA. These look very different. Reading the rules or hearing a description of them isn’t all that helpful. You need concrete examples to give you confidence that you cite sources for your own paper the right way. 6. Transitions It is an art to make smooth transitions in an essay. You need a few well-placed transition words and an effortless segue from one paragraph to the next one. Easier said than done, right? Follow the sample essay and you will see how easily you tackle this issue. 7. Word Choice Good writers always know the right words to evoke certain emotions in their readers. Take note of the strong words used in your professional essay sample and how they impact you as a reader. Use this to get some idea of the kind of language that will be especially strong and effective for your own essay. 8. Argumentation Skill A good writer can skillfully argue their position. What are the techniques that the professional essay writer use to persuade readers to his/her point-of-view? You can use some of these strategies to develop your own argument. So don’t waste any more time feeling stuck wondering what to write and how to write it. Trust a professional to guide you in the process and make it less painful and more inspiring.

Hypothalamus - Function, Hormones, and Structure

Hypothalamus - Function, Hormones, and Structure About the size of a pearl, the hypothalamus directs a multitude of important functions in the body. Located in the diencephalon region of the forebrain, the hypothalamus is the control center for many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system. Connections with structures of the endocrine and nervous systems enable the hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis. Homeostasis is the process of maintaining bodily equilibrium by monitoring and adjusting physiological processes. Blood vessel connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland allow hypothalamic hormones to control pituitary hormone secretion. Some of the physiological processes regulated by the hypothalamus include blood pressure, body temperature, cardiovascular system functions, fluid balance, and electrolyte balance. As a limbic system structure, the hypothalamus also influences various emotional responses. The hypothalamus regulates emotional responses through its influence on the pituitary gland, skeletal muscular system, and autonomic nervous system. Hypothalamus: Function The hypothalamus is involved in several functions of the body including: Autonomic Function ControlEndocrine Function ControlHomeostasisMotor Function ControlFood and Water Intake RegulationSleep-Wake Cycle Regulation Hypothalamus: Location Directionally, the hypothalamus is found in the diencephalon. It is  inferior to the thalamus,  posterior to the optic chiasm, and bordered on the sides by the temporal lobes and optic tracts. The location of the hypothalamus, specifically its close proximity to and interactions with the thalamus and pituitary gland, enables it to act as a bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems. Hypothalamus: Hormones Hormones produced by the hypothalamus include: Anti-Diuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) - regulates water levels and influence blood volume and blood pressure.Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone - acts on the pituitary gland causing the release of hormones in response to stress.Oxytocin - influences sexual and social behavior.Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone - stimulates the pituitary to release hormones that influence the development of reproductive system structures.Somatostatin - inhibits the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and growth hormone (GH).Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone - stimulates the release of growth hormone by the pituitary.Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone - stimulates the pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH regulates metabolism, growth, heart rate, and body temperature. Hypothalamus: Structure The hypothalamus consists of several nuclei (neuron clusters) that may be divided into three regions. These regions include an anterior, middle or tuberal, and posterior component. Each region can be further divided into areas that contain nuclei responsible for a variety of functions. Region Functions Anterior Thermoregulation; releases oxytocin, anti-diuretic hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone; controls sleep-wake cycles. Middle (Tuberal) Controls blood pressure, heart rate, satiety, and neuroendocrine integration; releases growth hormone-releasing hormone. Posterior Involved in memory, learning, arousal, sleep, pupil dilation, shivering, and feeding; releases anti-diuretic hormone. Hypothalamus Regions and Functions The hypothalamus has connections with various parts of the central nervous system. It connects with the brainstem, the part of the brain that relays information from the peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the upper parts of the brain. The brainstem includes the midbrain and portions of the hindbrain. The hypothalamus also connects to the peripheral nervous system. These connections enable the hypothalamus to influence  many autonomic or involuntary  functions (heart rate, pupil constriction and dilation, etc.). In addition, the hypothalamus has connections with other limbic system structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and olfactory cortex. These connections enable the hypothalamus to influence emotional responses to sensory input. Key Takeaways The hypothalamus is located in the diencephalon region of the forebrain, directs a number of  needed functions in the body and is the control center for several  autonomic functions.These functional controls include: autonomic, endocrine, and motor function control. It  is also involved in homeostasis and the regulation of both the sleep-wake cycle and in food and water intake.A number of important hormones are produced by the hypothalamus including: vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone), corticotropin-releasing hormone, oxytocin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, growth hormone-releasing hormone, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. These hormones act on other organs or glands in the body. Hypothalamus: Disorders Disorders of the hypothalamus prevent this important organ from functioning normally. The hypothalamus releases a number of hormones that control a variety of endocrine functions. As such, damage to the hypothalamus results in a lack of production of hypothalamic hormones needed to control important activities, such as maintaining water balance, temperature regulation, sleep cycle regulation, and weight control. Since hypothalamic hormones also influence the pituitary gland, damage to the hypothalamus impacts organs that are under pituitary control, such as the adrenal glands, gonads, and thyroid gland. Disorders of the hypothalamus include hypopituitarism (deficient pituitary hormone production), hypothyroidism (deficient thyroid hormone production), and sexual development disorders.Hypothalamic disease is most commonly caused by brain injury, surgery, malnutrition related to eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia), inflammation, and tumors. Divisions of the Brain Forebrain - encompasses the cerebral cortex and brain lobes.Midbrain - connects the forebrain to the hindbrain.Hindbrain - regulates autonomic functions and coordinates movement.

PUERTO RICO Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PUERTO RICO - Research Paper Example This paper proposes a court system for the newly found Puerto Rico state. There are various weaknesses that could be acknowledged out of the current judicial systems and this is as documented by Griffin and Abbot (2006). Understanding the strengths and the weaknesses would undoubtedly go a long way in informing what should constitute a desirable judicial system. One of the strong points in Griffin and Abbot (2006) is that they develop a comparative approach to judicial systems, and this approach is advantageous because it does not only give examples of flaws in practice that should be addressed, but also some strengths that could be adopted, such as by newly established states. According to Griffin and Abbot (2006), U.S judicial system is constituted in a federal manner whereby each state within the federation has a different judicial system. Under the state court system, one is regarded innocent until proven guilty. This implies that the burden to prove one’s innocence lies with the state and not the person being accused. The system is made stronger because it is the responsibility of the state to find someone guilty thus making a person optimistic about their innocence prevailing. Another aspect of this judicial process is that, a criminal is assured of a fair, quick trial as well as enjoy the privilege of being judged by jurists. This means that not a single judge can decide on one’s fate as it is the case in other countries. It also implies that a person who is innocent has all the evidence evaluated prior to making the sentence. These elements are undoubtedly the strong points of judicial systems and inform any benchmark to constitute a desirable court system such as for a new established state. However, there is a limitation to this in the sense that much of the evidence may be suspended due to procedure. A cop collecting evidence must do so

Relationship Between Independent and Supplementary Prescribing Essay

Relationship Between Independent and Supplementary Prescribing - Essay Example This further meant they had to gain supplementary expertise and skills in the diverse fields of medicine. This novel form of prescribing with extended medical conditions, as well as, patients with extended healthcare requirements benefited patients (Courtenay & Griffiths 2004, 3). Independent and supplementary prescribers have been bestowed with the legal authority of prescribing any medicine regardless of whether they are licensed or not. Inconsequential restrictions are only applicable concerning the prescription of prohibited drugs. Prescribing rights for nurses appear similar to that of doctors, and for efficiency; their prescription ought to be dependable on the legal outline in relation to nurse prescribing (Courtenay & Griffiths 2004, 3). The prescribing ought to be acceptable to the health professions, as well as, the patients. Over some time, the disparities between the two methods of prescribing have been explored accordingly with regard to patient directions and overly reg arding the whole process. In supplementary prescribing, a doctor or a dentist has to make a diagnosis in the first place since they are the independent prescribers. This implies that independent prescribing involves making diagnosis or assessments on patients, therefore, presenting a plan that the patient utilizes in obtaining prescription (Adair 2011, 1). In circumstances, where patients are diagnosed, and supervised by nurses intricacies have developed on whether to allow doctors, to carry out additional diagnosis prior to, the commencement of supplementary prescribing. Supplementary prescribing comprises an intentional affiliation among independent prescribers and supplementary prescriber (BMA 2006). The independent prescribing health professionals are either the doctor or the dentist while the supplementary prescribing professionals ought to be trained nurse or pharmacist (Baird 2005, 51). Self-governing nurse prescribers comprise of district nurses who bear the liberty to presc ribe through Nurse Prescribers Formulary (NPF). These nurses are professionally accountable for any medical undertaking although the employer is accountable for any actions carried out by his or her nurses. Independent prescribing is often faced with legal restrictions concerning certain clinical conditions. However, these restrictions are not applicable to supplementary prescribing. This implies that supplementary prescribing has the capacity to prescribe any GSL and P medications, appliances, provisions as well as additional borderline components approved by the committee on these components (Courtenay & Griffiths 2010, 3). Supplementary prescribing has the capacity to prescribe all POMs, Off-label medications as well as black triangle medications. Supplementary prescribing may prescribe unlicensed drugs in instances of clinical trials for individuals may have trail certificates (Courtenay & Griffiths 2004, 3). Supplementary prescribing is best suited for the management of chronic illness as well as other long-term health requirements. This is because the doctors make necessary diagnosis and develop a sound plan for administering medication. The plan can be followed comfortably through supplementary prescribing that offers the necessary prescription for the condition. Unlike supplementary prescribing, independent prescribing can only offer services to patients with short-term medical requirements where doctors have little contact